| Paragraph 1 | That the contrary of a good is an evil is shown by induction: |
| Paragraph 2 | In the case of contraries, it is not always necessary that if one exists the other should also exist: |
| Paragraph 3 | It is plain that contrary attributes must needs be present in subjects which belong to the same species or genus. |
| Paragraph 4 | Moreover, it is necessary that pairs of contraries should in all cases either belong to the same genus or belong to contrary genera or be themselves genera. |
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created 94/10/29 modified 1998/9/3