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| Paragraph 1 |
In establishing or refuting, it makes some difference whether we
suppose the expressions 'not to be this' and 'to be not-this' are
identical or different in meaning, e.g. 'not to be white' and
'to be not-white'. |
| Paragraph 2 |
Privative terms are similarly related positive ter terms respect
of this arrangement. |
| Paragraph 3 |
In many things also, to some of which something belongs which does
not belong to others, the negation may be true in a similar way,
viz. that all are not white or that each is not white, while
that each
is not-white or all are not-white is false. |
| Paragraph 4 |
In general whenever A and B are such that they cannot belong at
the same time to the same thing, and one of the two necessarily
belongs to everything, and again C and D are related in the same way,
and A follows C but the relation cannot be reversed, then D
must follow B and the relation cannot be reversed. |
| Paragraph 5 |
It results sometimes even in such an arrangement of terms that one
is deceived through not apprehending the opposites rightly, one of
which must belong to everything, e.g. we may reason that
'if A and B cannot belong at the same time to the same thing, but it is necessary that one of them should belong to whatever the other does not belong to: |
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created 1996/11/25 modified 2009/04/26