| Paragraph 1 | Circular and reciprocal proof means proof by means of the conclusion, i.e. by converting one of the premisses simply and inferring the premiss which was assumed in the original syllogism: |
| Paragraph 2 | In negative syllogisms reciprocal proof is as follows. |
| Paragraph 3 | In particular syllogisms it is not possible to demonstrate the universal premiss through the other propositions, but the particular premiss can be demonstrated. |
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created 1996/11/25 modified 2009/04/26