| Paragraph 1 | How then by definition shall we prove substance or essential nature? |
| Paragraph 2 | To put it another way: |
| Paragraph 3 | Moreover it is clear, if we consider the methods of defining actually in use, that definition does not prove that the thing defined exists: |
| Paragraph 4 | Since, therefore, to define is to prove either a thing's essential nature or the meaning of its name, we may conclude that definition, if it in no sense proves essential nature, is a set of words signifying precisely what a name signifies. |
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created 94/10/29 modified 1998/9/3