| Paragraph 1 | Of problems some are universal, others particular. |
| Paragraph 2 | First, then, we must speak of the methods of overthrowing a view universally, because such are common to both universal and particular problems, and because people more usually introduce theses asserting a predicate than denying it, while those who argue with them overthrow it. |
| Paragraph 3 | We must also define the errors that occur in problems. |

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created 1996/11/25 modified 2009/04/26