| | |
| Paragraph 1 |
There are two styles of refutation: |
| Paragraph 2 |
Amphiboly and ambiguity, then, depend on these modes of speech. |
| Paragraph 3 |
Upon division depend the propositions that 5 is 2 and 3, and odd,
and that the greater is equal: |
| Paragraph 4 |
An argument depending upon accent it is not easy to construct in unwritten
discussion; |
| Paragraph 5 |
Others come about owing to the form of expression used, when what
is really different is expressed in the same form, e.g. a masculine
thing by a feminine termination, or a feminine thing by a masculine,
or a neuter by either a masculine or a feminine; |
| Paragraph 6 |
Refutations, then, that depend upon language are drawn from these
common-place rules. |
| Paragraph 7 |
(1) that which depends upon Accident: |
| Paragraph 8 |
(2) the use of an expression absolutely or not absolutely but with some qualification of respect or place, or time, or relation: |
| Paragraph 9 |
(3) that which depends upon ignorance of what 'refutation' is: |
| Paragraph 10 |
(4) that which depends upon the consequent: |
| Paragraph 11 |
(5) that which depends upon assuming the original conclusion: |
| Paragraph 12 |
(6) stating as cause what is not the cause: |
| Paragraph 13 |
(7) the making of more than one question into one. |
HTML by 
created 1996/11/25 modified 2009/04/26