- gap between gross and marginal costs
- not new e.g. agriculture, victorian books, railways
- getting worse: software has zero marginal cost
- products not sold on quality or
price
- values are attached by marketeers to brands which
are then used to sell products
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- so, open pricing may not be competitive
- and fair trading is hard to define (MS v. Netscape)
- Neither producers nor consumers are playing by "the rules"
- we need to work harder to understand the markets of the future
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